Understanding the distribution patterns and responses of mountain biodiversity to future climate change is crucial for developing effective conservation strategies. This study focuses on four orchid genera with distinct ecological preferences, Bulbophyllum, Calanthe, Dendrobium, and Herminium, to explore their distribution patterns and potential habitat shifts under climate change in China's mountain ecosystems. Our findings indicated that the availability of solar energy and water were as key drivers of two diversity metrics (alpha and beta diversity), although there were differences among taxa. Factors related to water availability were the dominant drivers for epiphytic orchids, whereas terrestrial species showed strong correlations with energy availability variables. Under global climate change, the habitats of 50.63% - 57.81% of the studied species will be reduced, with approximately 25.31% - 26.88% of the species at risk of extinction. However, some endangered or endemic species might experience more than a doubling of their habitat area. We propose the following conservation actions: prioritizing the protection of current hotspots and climate refugia, establishing in situ conservation areas, and developing adaptive conservation frameworks. These actions are essential for ensuring the survival of orchids and other sensitive species in the face of global environmental change.